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1 Causes of Foreign Farmland Resources Protection Perspective The modern resource conservation movement began in the early 19th century, and the protection of farmland resources was relatively late. In the 1970s, it was gradually accepted and valued by various countries.
The primary reason for the rise of farmland resources protection in foreign countries is that after the Second World War, the population has increased dramatically and the per capita arable land has decreased. By the 1970s, the per capita arable land in Japan had been reduced to 0.04 ha, and the United Kingdom was only 0.12 ha. The per capita cultivated land in the former Soviet Union had fallen from 1.06 ha in 1958 to 0.83 ha in 1983. At the same time, as the city expands, non-agricultural construction takes up a large amount of farmland, especially high-quality farmland on the edge of the city. Statistics show that from 1967 to 1975, a total of 6.475 million ha of farmland was lost in urbanization in the United States, and Britain reduced 1.2 million ha in the period from 1960 to 1983, accounting for 14.6% of the total land area in the UK. Among them, the reduction of quality farmland was faster, and the area of ​​first-class land in the United Kingdom decreased by 12%. In the United Kingdom, the first-class land area accounted for only 2.3%. In France, an average of 50 000 ha of farmland is directly occupied by non-agricultural construction each year, and the area of ​​affected farmland is even larger. Similar to other Eastern European countries, such as the total area of ​​cultivated land in Hungary in the mid-1980s was 4.7 million ha, which was 600,000 ha less than in 1960.
The second reason for the protection of farmland resources in foreign countries is that natural disasters and environmental pollution cause farmland damage and land degradation. Although natural disasters have destroyed farmland, the degree of destruction of farmland by natural disasters and environmental pollution is aggravated by population growth and industrial development. According to the United Nations Environment Program, by the mid-1990s, 69% of the world’s agricultural land had suffered erosion and degradation in varying degrees.
The deeper reason for the protection of farmland resources is that farmland area and its quality are related to human food supply and food prices, and affect the country’s position in the international food market. In the United States farmland resources protection policy, it is clearly stated that the protection of farmland resources will be related to the U.S. leadership position in the international grain market. Farmland resources protection also affects the development of agriculture and related industries. Research shows that farmers face reluctance to make long-term investments or spend too much money on agricultural innovation in the face of farmland occupied by non-agricultural construction. Therefore, conservation of farmland resources is an important part of the country's sustainable development.
2 Practices of Foreign Farmland Resources Conservation 2.1 Concepts and Definitions of Foreign Basic Farmland Overview of farmland conservation practices in foreign countries is based on the most standardized protection of farmland in the United States. In 1958 and 1967, the United States conducted a thorough inventory of farmland resources throughout the country. In 1976, the Soil Conservation Bureau focused on important farmland inventory work. The important farmland was divided into basic farmland (Prime Farm-land), special farmland (Farm Farmland), and state farmland (Farmland of Stateside). Importance) and Farmland of Local Importance. Proposed and in-depth discussion of the basic farmland connotation.
The basic farmland has good soil quality, a long enough growing season, and reliable water supply capacity. Under the current agricultural production methods and management levels, it is most suitable for the growth of grain, forage, fiber and oil crops, with a small amount of energy and capital investment. With a very low environmental cost, sustainable and productive land can be formed. Its current use may be arable land, grassland, forest land, or even part of the wasteland. The first definition of basic farmland is soil properties. It mainly means that there is sufficient and reliable water supply (water source comes from precipitation and irrigation), no over-wet phenomenon, and is not susceptible to flood disasters; moderate PH value, good ventilation and permeability Although there are gravels, they do not affect mechanical operations, and there is not much erosion of dangerous land. The second is to consider the basis of climate and hydrogeology. The United States also proposed the important concept of farmland site conditions. It is defined as a collection of all factors related to land use problems, including soil characteristics. These factors are related to farmland contiguity, agricultural development policy, land use regulations, agricultural taxation, alternative land use, land use and current land property consistency, overall land use planning and location, etc. The basic indicators of the basic farmland.
The definition of early basic farmland in the United States was mainly based on soil characteristics. The farmland area was measured using an accurate farmland area measurement instrument, and the land potential classification, Storie index, and land inventory and monitoring methods were used. For example, the class of land is defined as basic farmland. In the early 1980s, emphasizing the importance of farmland site conditions, it proposed to use the "Land Appraisal and Site Analysis (LESA)" method to define basic farmland.
The role of LESA is to evaluate land quality for farmland suitability (LE) and determine whether land conditions are conducive to agricultural development (SA). The SA result has a weight of 2 in the LESA total score and an LE weight of 1. Because land quality only indicates the possibility of land being used for farmland, site conditions are decisive for the use of land as farmland. At present, the LESA method is widely used in the delineation of basic farmland in various states and counties in the United States and is combined with GIS technology.
The method of defining the basic farmland in the United States has also been accepted by Britain, Canada and other Western countries. The United Kingdom adopts the United States land potential level standard and defines land as basic farmland. Based on LESA, the University of Guelph, Canada, designed a computer system to evaluate land suitability and explore the optimal use of land under different conditions. This evaluation method is called the Guelph evaluation model and is used to define the basic farmland.
2.2 Government's organization and legislative role From the perspective of resources, farmland protection requires the formulation of a policy to properly maintain and rationalize the allocation of existing farmland resources; from the perspective of assets, farmland belongs to the country, different interest groups or individuals, for profit purposes Farmland will be used for maximum economic benefits. Therefore, effective farmland protection requires the participation of all sectors of society. The government plays a leading role.
As the organizer of farmland resources protection, the government has formulated relevant laws and regulations to organize and guide the protection of farmland resources. In the 1930s, the U.S. government formulated agricultural protection plans for the formulation of soil and water conservation and domestic production rations. In 1981, the U.S. government promulgated The Farmland Protection Policy Act. In response to the federal government's actions to protect farmland, the Soil Conservation Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture proposed the LESA method to determine basic farmland. It should be pointed out that the specific operations of farmland protection in the United States are based on states and counties, and states and counties also have regulations for this purpose, such as the Williamson Act of California. The degree of concern about the protection of basic farmland in the states and counties is roughly proportional to the loss rate of quality farmland in the state and county, and the impact of such losses on the local economy. Federal government agencies, such as the Department of Soil Conservation of the Ministry of Agriculture, mainly focus on issues and trends in non-agriculturalization of farmland throughout the country, and coordinate and assist local farmland conservation efforts.
Land use in the UK strictly follows the Urban Rural Planning Act, and farmland protection is included in the constraints of the Plan Law to seek for the overall benefits of land use. France enacted the Agricultural Guidance Act in 1960, and subsequently established a land consolidation and rural resettlement company responsible for land consolidation and maintenance of farmland for agricultural purposes. France has incorporated farmland into the environmental protection of the agricultural region. Plan land to determine which land can be used for non-agricultural construction and which land is reserved for future urban development. For the land allocated to agricultural areas, it is guaranteed that at least 10 years after the land plan is announced, it will not be threatened by non-agricultural construction and encourage investment in farmland. Based on planning and legislation, the Netherlands protects existing farmland through three measures, including the formulation of comprehensive plans, organization of land consolidation, and new land development. In 1964, Japan formulated 5 Regional Development of Agricultural Development Laws6 to identify "agricultural development regions" and protect farmland. In 1974, the 5 National Land Use Plan Act 6 was enacted, and in 1976 5 National Land Use Plans 6 were formulated to reaffirm the protection of high-quality farmland.
The former Soviet Union also formulated a series of decrees and regulations, prohibiting the abandonment of farmland, preventing soil degradation and soil improvement, and restricting non-agricultural land occupation. The Hungarian government regards farmland resources protection as an important part of environmental protection. In 1976, the Environmental Protection Law was enacted. In 1980, 5 national environmental protection delusions and rules and regulations were enacted. 6 It emphasized the protection of high-quality farmland, including the protection of farmland and the protection of farmland quality. Reasonable use of farmland with different quality levels. Poland established in 1971 5 land and forest land protection and recultivated land law6, issued in 1982 5 agriculture and forest land protection law6, to limit the non-agricultural use of farmland as the main problem of farmland protection.
2.3 Major measures for the protection of foreign farmland resources 2.3.1 The role of land planning in the protection of farmland resources. Foreign countries emphasize the protection of farmland resources based on planning. According to the land planning, specific measures such as farmland consolidation, delimitation of agricultural areas, and urban development control shall be adopted to protect farmland. Such as the Netherlands, France and the United States through the land consolidation, adjust the land ownership, expand the scale of the farm, improve agricultural competitiveness. For example, in California's coastal zone management, the agricultural area is designated to ensure that the farmland cannot fall into the hands of developers; the states of Michigan, New York, and British Columbia, Canada also demarcate agricultural areas, and it is specifically forbidden to occupy farmland by means of expropriation. Urban development control is a land-use adjustment that closely integrates urban development with existing public facilities or planned expansion. For example, the city of Ramapur in New York has protected farmland by controlling urban development.
2.3.2 Economic measures in the protection of farmland resources. Land development and management are economic activities. Therefore, economic leverage is introduced abroad to limit farmland non-agriculturalization. There are two main forms: First, the purchase of land development rights, that is to pay landholders the value of land representing the development potential. This measure is used for farmland that is in danger of being occupied. The county government acquires development rights for the purpose of retaining its agricultural use. Land development rights as capital assets cannot be transferred unless they are voted by the public. Funds for purchasing land development rights come from public debt and federal or state funds, and public debt is repaid with a 15% transfer tax on real estate sales. As long as land is used as farmland, the government does not force farmers to sell land development rights; if the farmland is facing non-agricultural use, the government has the right to obtain land through expropriation. Once the rights to land development have been sold, farmers will also receive less farmland tax in addition to all other land rights. This will not only protect the farmland, but also guarantee farmers' long-term investment in farmland. This approach has been used to protect farmland in New Jersey, Wisconsin and New York, and France. The second is the reduction of farmland taxes. Thomas F. Hay classified the farmland tax deduction into: farmland “special assessmentâ€, which is a pure farm tax cut without any conditions. In 1970, 17 states such as Colorado and Connecticut adopted this type of tax reduction; tax was deferred, and different proportions of taxes were collected based on farmland non-agricultural development time. States such as Minnesota and Oregon in the United States have enacted such tax laws; restricting contracts and agreements, and landholders agreeing to reimburse reduced farmland taxes under certain restrictive conditions (such as not keeping farmland from non-agricultural). The US, Hawaii, California, and Pennsylvania use this method of tax reduction. The reduction or exemption of farmland taxes will help encourage farming enthusiasm.
2.3.3 The application of new technologies in farmland resources protection. Farmland monitoring and management is an important part of the protection of farmland. Effective management depends on the accuracy of farmland basic data and the timeliness of data updates. Remote sensing and geographic information systems have been introduced into farmland resources protection as a new technology for farmland data acquisition and data processing. For example, the establishment of a GIS-based LESA and farmland management system in the state of Hawaii, remote sensing has been widely used as an important measure of farmland area, quality and yield monitoring. In the early 1990s, the application of expert system technology in foreign agriculture and soil disciplines was quite in-depth. It can be foreseen that the combination of GIS, remote sensing and expert system technical support is the necessity for farmland resource protection to adapt to the development of the times.
3. Enlightenment of foreign farmland resources protection to China In light of China’s national conditions, where there are more people and less land, and there is a shortage of cultivated land resources, basic farmland protection is an urgent task. The practical experience of overseas farmland resources protection has the following implications for ensuring our farmland resources, especially basic farmland:
3.1 The definition of basic farmland shall have the definition of operative domestic basic farmland. It has undergone the “high-productivity and high-resistance stable production farmland with high productivity and resilience†from the 1960s, and “according to population and national economy demand for agricultural products in the 1990s, and The process of recognizing farmland that cannot be occupied during the long-term or planning period as determined by the prediction of construction land. The former refers to relatively high-quality farmland, which is compatible with the historical background of the construction of basic farmland at that time; the latter focuses on farmland area, ignoring farmland quality and farmland reserve resources. The above definition lacks operability. When demarcating basic farmland, it is unavoidable to shoddy and cope with area. It is even more difficult to ensure quality farmland and farmland reserve resources that are facing non-agricultural production.
With reference to the definition of basic farmland in foreign countries, the basic farmland connotation consists of three parts: the land with high soil fertility can guarantee a certain level of yield; the land with appropriate site conditions, it determines that land can be used for farmland to generate appropriate economic benefits; its area It can guarantee the satisfaction of the population's consumption of basic agricultural products for a period of time. The first two parts specify the basic farmland delimitation criteria, and the latter explains how to define the basic farmland protection area indicators.
Combining the author's basic farmland protection practice in Beijing's urban fringe zone, the definition of basic farmland is: based on national plans and sustainable development needs of the region, ensuring that man-land relationship within the region reaches a balance within a given time period, and the necessary high Soil fertility, suitable site conditions, land for the production of basic agricultural products and special agricultural products. Site conditions refer to all environmental factors that do not include soil properties and affect the use of farmland and the benefits of farmland production. Compared with the previous definition of basic farmland, the above definition provides for the use of farmland, the possibility and feasibility of farmland use, and the area of ​​the basic farmland to be defined, which enhances operability.
3.2 Reconstruction of Basic Farmland Protection Operation Mode At present, basic farmland protection in China is delineated as a protected area and implemented in the county area. The mode of operation is that county-level government agencies shall, based on the superiors' criteria for issuing basic farmland protection and construction reserve land area indicators, consider the local farmland status, plan basic farmland protection areas, determine the area and distribution of farmland to be protected, and decompose the basic farmland area index into rural areas. (town). On the basis of planning, demarcation and demarcation of the basic farmland will be implemented on the ground and on the map. Then establish basic farmland protection areas, formulate management measures and implement protection.
The above operation mode is based on the area of ​​farmland and uses administrative orders as a means to implement basic farmland protection. This mode of operation facilitates higher authorities, but when it comes to specific operations such as the decomposition of basic farmland indicators, planning, and delineation of protected areas, local governments often neglect the protection of high-quality farmland around urban fringe zones and villages and towns, even considering the immediate economic interests. The priority of farmland conservation areas in remote mountain areas will inevitably lead to the use of some protected areas in name only.
From the perspective of overseas farmland protection experience, agricultural protection is mainly implemented by local governments or land development companies, and basic farmland delineation is based on farmland land quality assessment and site analysis. Foreign countries do not emphasize the basic farmland area index, and there is no mention of farmland “using one to complement oneâ€. This is not simply a relative surplus of grain. What is important is that farmland protection is not a form and it is the actual work of local governments. “One-for-one supplementation†is in the form of cooperating with the area of ​​farmland. However, it is difficult to maintain the balance of farmland productivity in terms of content. In fact, it is also a matter of occupying basic farmland. Even though China’s foreign situation is different, it is consistent with the improvement of local government’s awareness and enthusiasm for farmland protection. In order to adapt to the changes in the market economy and around the theme of protecting farmland land production capacity, the central government or other higher level governments can guide local attention to farmland protection through the quantity and price of agricultural products purchased and sold, closely integrate farmland protection with local economic interests, and develop land development rights and land. The development of net value added to the state management limits the exploitation of farmland by developers.
3.3 Legislation and Strict Law Enforcement Since the basic establishment of the country to protect basic farmland, China has also issued a series of laws and regulations for the protection of farmland. In particular, the 5 basic farmland protection regulations 6 and 5 in recent years have delineated the technical specifications for basic farmland protection areas6 and some provinces, The farmland protection regulations formulated by the city guide the protection of the current basic farmland. However, compared with foreign countries, it is still necessary to regulate the farmland protection operation in detail, stipulate the responsibilities, rights, benefits and corresponding land compensation for basic farmland protection area management, and establish a high-quality law enforcement team.
3.4 Balance of interests under administrative intervention is a necessary measure for planning and protecting basic farmland The reason why farmland is occupied by non-agricultural construction is mainly the difference in economic efficiency between different industries. In the protection of farmland resources in foreign countries, the idea of ​​protecting the interests of farmer growers has always been run through, and economic measures such as land consolidation and reduction and exemption of agricultural taxation have helped farmers reduce production costs, increase production efficiency, and protect farmers' enthusiasm. Therefore, in order to achieve the balance of interests, we must first ensure that farmers obtain their due income from farmland cultivation. The price of domestic agricultural production materials such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides is relatively high. Farmers are overburdened with low food prices. Farmers are less active in farming. With such development, even if the basic farmland protection zone is designated, the use of farmland will be difficult to sustain and it will certainly lead to abandonment of farmland. Second, it is necessary to limit the individual benefits of farmland after non-agriculturalization, in particular, to crack down on farmland real estate speculation. The value-added land used for farmland non-agricultural use is added to the state treasury for the establishment of farmland protection funds. At the same time, farmland abandonment should also be punished. The third important point in the balance of interests is the principle of fairness in interest generation and the balance of interests between generations, combining the interests of present people with the interests of future generations, and combining farmland protection with environmental construction. And through administrative and legislative means, farmland protection areas and development zones have equal interests.
3.5 The application of new technologies is an important means for scientifically protecting farmland. To adapt to changes in farmland land use and farmland property changes under market economy conditions, to adapt to the characteristics of large farmland and geographical distribution, effective monitoring and management of farmland requires the use of GIS technology. Farmland space and property databases use remote sensing technology to timely monitor farmland changes, use global positioning technology (GPS) to locate farmland conservation areas and development areas, use spatial decision support technology to assist decision-making on farmland use, and use expert systems to guide farmland management. The "green space plan" for protecting farmland during China's "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period is an example of the application of new technologies to farmland protection. It can be predicted that with the development of computer technology and data communication technology, the protection of farmland in China will be more effective.
Foreign Farmland Resources Protection Measures and Case Studies
Farmland resources refer to land that is currently and potentially suitable for growing crops. Farmland resources protection is for the interests of the majority. Through sensible management and prudent management, the farmland resources are rationally exploited and used to prevent abuse and waste and achieve sustainable use.